Risk-Based Prioritization of Air Pollution Monitoring Using Fuzzy Synthetic Evaluation Technique

Air pollution monitoring programs aim to monitor pollutants and their probable adverse effects at various locations over concerned area. Either sensitivity of receptors/location or concentration of pollutants is used for prioritizing the monitoring locations. The exposure-based approach prioritizes the monitoring locations based on population density and/or location sensitivity. The hazard-based approach prioritizes the monitoring locations using intensity (concentrations) of air pollutants at various locations. Exposure and hazard-based approaches focus on frequency (probability of occurrence) and potential hazard (consequence of damage), respectively. Adverse effects should be measured only if receptors are exposed to these air pollutants. The existing methods of monitoring location prioritization do not consider both factors (hazard and exposure) at a time. Towards this, a risk-based approach has been proposed which combines both factors: exposure frequency (probability of occurrence/exposure) and potential hazard (consequence).This paper discusses the use of fuzzy synthetic evaluation technique in risk computation and prioritization of air pollution monitoring locations. To demonstrate the application, common air pollutants like CO, NO_x, PM₁₀ and SO_x are used as hazard parameters. Fuzzy evaluation matrices for hazard parameters are established for different locations in the area. Similarly, fuzzy evaluation matrices for exposure parameters: population density, location and population sensitivity are also developed. Subsequently, fuzzy risk is determined at these locations using fuzzy compositional rules. Finally, these locations are prioritized based on defuzzified risk (crisp value of risk, defined as risk score) and the five most important monitoring locations are identified (out of 35 potential locations). These locations differ from the existing monitoring locations.     

基于在线监测和SWMM模型的合流制排水体制系统化提升方案评估研究

合流制溢流污染严重威胁着下游受纳水体的水环境质量。为科学评估基于海绵城市理念的合流制排水体制系统化提升方案在解决老城区合流制溢流污染方面的效果,以嘉兴市老城区为研究对象,采用在线监测技术和SWMM数学模型相结合的方式,对嘉兴市老城区合流制排水体制系统化提升方案进行了全面评估。经在线监测评估发现,完成海绵城市改造后,嘉兴市老城区在研究期内的溢流频次减少为26次,小雨不会产生溢流;经SWMM模拟评估发现,完成海绵城市改造后,老城区合流制溢流口年溢流频次减少了132.2次。整体来看,基于海绵城市理念的合流制排水体制系统化提升方案突破了传统末端治理的局限,从雨污水产生、收集的全过程对合流制排水体制进行了系统化整治,对于提升全局水环境质量效果显著。     

“十四五”农村环境质量监测体系研究

介绍了国内外农村环境质量监测的发展历程和现状,总结了现行农村环境质量监测体系在体制机制、技术体系、应用支撑和数据共享等方面存在的主要问题,分析了"十四五"期间农村环境质量监测面临的挑战和机遇,指出"十四五"是农村生态环境保护的关键期、攻坚期和窗口期。根据环境管理对农业农村工作的新要求,构建了包括村庄、区域和流域3个层次及涵盖空气、地表水、饮用水、土壤、生态、污染点源和面源等监测内容的"十四五"农村环境质量监测体系,并提出了相应的保障措施,以期为我国农村生态环境保护提供更有力的技术支撑。     

“引江济太”对太湖北部底质及水质总磷的影响

应用GIS技术研究了"引江济太"对太湖北部底质与水质总磷(TP)浓度的影响。研究结果表明,2014—2019年,调水北部沿线4个点位底质TP浓度降幅为59.8%～80.5%;不同点位的水质TP浓度变化存在差异,入湖口点位下降14.1%,沿线其他点位分别上升37.4%、38.6%和45.0%。从空间分布来看,太湖水质TP始终呈明显的"西高东低"分布特点,但底质TP的分布未显示出该类规律。望亭水利枢纽调水情况与入湖口5#点位底质TP浓度呈一定程度的正相关,在调水入湖水量大于出湖水量的年份,5#点位底质TP浓度会偏高。"引江济太"会对太湖北部调水沿线,特别是入湖口附近水域的TP含量产生较大影响,并通过水流迁移与底质再悬浮释放影响下游水域。如何降低望虞河及周边支流的入湖泥沙量将是今后开展科学调水、保障贡湖水源地水质安全的重点研究方向之一。     

微波联合消解流动注射光度法测定水中总氮和总磷

利用微波联合消解水样,采用流动注射分析技术,建立了在线测定水中总氮和总磷的快速分析方法.优化了试验条件,在线性范围内,总氮和总磷的工作曲线线性关系良好,检出限分别为0.03 mg/L和0.01 mg/L,相对标准偏差分别为1.5%和1.2%,加标回收率分别为96.7%～103%和98.8%～102%.     

太湖梅梁湾水源水中微囊藻毒素浓度的变化

对太湖梅梁湾水源水中的总藻毒素TMC[(TMC-LR) (TMC-RR)]和胞外藻毒素EMC[(EMC-LR) (EMC-RR)]进行了跟踪检测.结果表明,水体中TMC-RR、TMC-LR、EMC-RR、EMC-LR质量浓度平均分别为1.819 μg/L、1.090 μg/L、0.491 μg/L和0.077 μg/L,无锡市的主要水源地水质已受到微囊藻毒素的污染.提出,应加强水源地水体中微囊藻毒素浓度的监测,确保饮用水的安全.     

环境监测实验室信息管理系统建设——以上海市环境监测中心为例

简述了实验室信息管理系统(LIMS)的概念和建设LIMS的现实意义,着重介绍了上海市环境监测中心实施LIMS的过程和体会,分析了环境监测实验室在LIMS选型和实施过程中需要注意的问题及LIMS对现行工作的影响,并对需进一步完善的功能提出了建议.     

基于GIS空间插值方法的长湖水质评价

通过对各插值方法选择后取反距离加权法与克立格法对长湖的污染现状进行分析,结果表明大部分水域水质处于Ⅴ类和劣Ⅴ类,只有主要出水口习家口和刘岺闸附近的部分水域的水质可以达到Ⅳ类水质标准.同时发现反距离加权法与克立格法均具有较高的精度,但克立格法优于反距离加权法,这两种方法评价湖泊水质都能取得比较好的效果.     

环境监测实验室质量监督之管见

阐述了环境监测实验室质量监督的重要性及加强质量监督的组织保证、制度建设、工作程序和如何发挥监督作用的思考,以期改善忽视质量监督的局面,进一步提高监测工作质量.     

Influence of urbanization and tourist activities on the water quality of the Potrero de los Funes River (San Luis – Argentina)

A study of the water quality of the Potrero de los Funes River (San Luis – Argentina) was carried out in order to evaluate the possible effect of the anthropogenic activities on the river developed in the homonymous town. Samples were collected during the period March 2000–November 2005 at three selected sampling sites (RP₁, RP₂ and RP₃). Different physicochemical and bacteriological parameters (turbidity, pH, conductivity, suspended solids, alkalinity, potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, chlorides, nitrates, phosphates, sulphates, chemical oxygen demand (COD), 5-day biological oxygen demand (BOD₅), dissolved oxygen, total coliforms, Escherichia coli and total heterotrophic bacteria) were analysed according to the Standard Method for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. When comparing the values of total coliforms, E. coli, total heterotrophic bacteria, COD, BOD₅ and phosphates from the zone without anthropogenic influence (RP₁) and the urban zones (RP₂ and RP₃) an important variation in the parameters was observed. These results indicate that the urban activity produces a serious and negative effect on the water quality, thus constituting a sanitary risk and may have a major impact on the trophic status of the Potrero de los Funes dam. As case study, we report on the use of General Quality Index (GQI) to evaluate spatial and seasonal changes in the water quality of Potrero de los Funes River. Results revealed a significant degradation of the water quality at RP₂ and RP₃.